The Origins of Computing: From Manual Counting to the Electronic Computer

In this course, students will understand the historical evolution of computing, from the abacus through the mechanical and analog era, the introduction of programming with punched cards and the creation of the Analytical Engine, to the electronic era and the four generations of computers, including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, which culminated in the widespread adoption of PCs and the internet.

The module also addresses the social impacts of computing, highlighting the digital divide and the importance of accessibility, with public policies, inclusion in schools, and assistive technologies, emphasizing how access to computing can promote civic engagement, education, and social mobilization.

Finally, students will study the hardware and software market, with a focus on Brazil, including the growth of the software sector, data center modernization, and the expansion of AI, as well as future professions, such as Data Scientist, Cybersecurity Specialist, and AI Analyst. Structural challenges are discussed, such as the talent shortage and the need for continuous training and reskilling, preparing students to act strategically and competitively in the digital age.